Representation means not relying on a single format. Pair a reading with a short video or a diagram, provide a captioned recording alongside a live lecture, and summarize key points in more than one way. Students who struggle with one format often succeed with another, and most benefit from more than one pass.

Engagement means giving students reasons and some choices. Connect material to things students care about, offer a choice of topic or example where it does not compromise the outcome, and make the relevance explicit. Small options and a clear purpose raise effort across the class.