What it says. Self-determination theory holds that motivation grows when three needs are met: autonomy, a sense of choice and ownership; competence, a sense of growing capability; and relatedness, a sense of connection. Expectancy-value theory adds that students engage more when they expect they can succeed and when they value the task. Motivation is not a fixed trait; conditions shape it.

What it means for your teaching. Offer meaningful choices where you can, so students feel ownership. Structure work so students experience competence through achievable challenge and clear feedback. Build connection through a supportive class climate. And make relevance explicit, since students invest more when they see why the work matters and believe they can do it.